- Gynaecomastia in focus: peculiarities of clinical manifestations, classifications, diagnostics, and treatment
Gynaecomastia in focus: peculiarities of clinical manifestations, classifications, diagnostics, and treatment
Paediatric Surgery (Ukraine). 2025. 3(88): 128-134. doi: 10.15574/PS.2025.3(88).128134
Karlova O. O.1,2, Kozarenko Т. M.1, Halishyna A. O.2, Kyrylchuk O. O.1,2, Zelenkevych L. O.2, Bredikhin S. V.2
1Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv
2Specialised Mammological Center, "First Private Clinic" СP, Kyiv, Ukraine
For citation: Karlova OO, Kozarenko ТM, Halishyna AO, Kyrylchuk OO, Zelenkevych LO, Bredikhin SV. (2025). Gynaecomastia in focus: peculiarities of clinical manifestations, classifications, diagnostics, and treatment. Paediatric Surgery (Ukraine). 3(88): 128-134. doi: 10.15574/PS.2025.3(88).128134.
Article received: Apr 26, 2025. Accepted for publication: Sep 16, 2025.
The article presents literature data from recent years regarding the aetiology, classification, peculiarities of diagnostics, and treatment of gynaecomastia.
Aim – to systematize current data on the etiopathogenesis, classification, and diagnostic methods of gynecomastia, and to develop an evidence-based algorithm for a multidisciplinary approach to patient examination and the selection of optimal surgical treatment strategies based on clinical experience.
Gynaecomastia represents a complex problem that includes determining the aetiopathogenetic mechanisms and the duration of the disease. Comprehensive diagnostics include laboratory tests to determine hormone levels (specifically testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, cortisol, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone), and biochemical blood parameters (liver function tests). The list of instrumental examinations includes ultrasound examination of the mammary glands, mammographic examination of the mammary glands, ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, testicles, and abdominal cavity. In case of ineffectiveness of therapeutic treatment, surgical treatment is performed, namely subcutaneous mastectomy, liposuction, and a combination of these methods.
Clinical cases illustrating the medical pathway of patients from the stage of presentation to the clinic to surgical treatment are provided.
Conclusions. Gynecomastia is a complex pathology that requires a multidisciplinary diagnostic algorithm, including hormonal profile assessment (testosterone, estradiol, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone), evaluation of parenchymal organ function (liver, kidneys), and instrumental screening (ultrasound and mammography). The choice of treatment strategy depends on the stage of the disease.
The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies.
No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.
Keywords: gynaecomastia, ultrasound examination, mammography, mastectomy, liposuction and a combination of these methods.
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