- Роль микробиома в формировании здоровья ребенка (обзор литературы)
Роль микробиома в формировании здоровья ребенка (обзор литературы)
Modern pediatrics. Ukraine. 2019.5(101):64-111; doi 10.15574/SP.2019.101.64
Д.С. Янковский, В.П. Широбоков, Г.С. Дымент
Для цитирования: Янковский ДС, Широбоков ВП, Дымент ГС. (2019). Роль микробиома в формировании здоровья ребенка (обзор литературы). Современная педиатрия. Украина. 5(101): 64-111. doi 10.15574/SP.2019.101.64
Статья поступила в редакцию 04.04.2019 г., принята в печать 20.08.2019 г.
Обзор посвящен изучению связи микробиома с физиологическими и патологическими процессами, протекающими при развитии организма ребенка. Приведены современные данные, касающиеся становления микробиома у детей, начиная с внутриутробного развития плода, а также микробиомных изменений, протекающих в процессе онтогенеза. Дана характеристика состава и функциональной активности микробиоты у детей раннего возраста. Описано влияние измененного микробиома на развитие заболеваний детского возраста. Проведен анализ результатов исследований, касающихся целесообразности использования отдельных средств оздоровления микробиома при разной форме детской патологии.
Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Ключевые слова: микробиом, микробиота, метаболиты, заболевания, воспаление, дисбиоз, иммунитет, пробиотики, пребиотики, синбиотики, энтеросорбенты.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Крамарев СА, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2007). Антибиотико-ассоциированные диареи у детей с инфекционными заболеваниями и возможности их профилактики. Современная педиатрия. 4(17): 157–161.
2. Крамарев СА, Выговская ОВ, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2013). Опыт применения мультипробиотика «Симбитер» в клинике детских инфекций. Cовременная педиатрия. 4(52): 114–120. doi 10.15574/SP.2013.52.114
3. Лукьянова ЕМ, Янковский ДС, Антипкин ЮГ, Дымент ГС. (2005). К вопросу о поликомпонентности пробиотиков. Здоровье женщины. 3(23): 186–194.
4. Лукьянова ЕМ, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС, Антипкин ЮГ, Бережной ВВ, Шунько ЕЕ, Крамарев СА. (2005). Некоторые замечания относительно тактики использования пробиотиков в неонатологии и педиатрии. Современная педиатрия. 3 (8): 230–240.
5. Отт ВД, Марушко ТЛ, Тутченко ЛІ, Муквіч ОМ. (2004). Системні порушення мікробіоценозу, їх профілактика та лікування із застосуванням мультикомпонентних пробіотиків у вагітних, годуючих матерів і дітей. Мат. Міжнарод. науково-практ. конф. «Пробіотики ХХІ століття. Біологія. Медицина. Практика». Тернопіль, 2004: 127–132.
6. Широбоков ВП, Янковський ДС, Димент ГС. (2012). Світ глин і здоров'я людини Світогляд. 2(34): 6–17.ы
7. Широбоков ВП, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2011). Биоэтические проблемы использования пробиотиков в медицине. Сб. трудов IV Национального конгресса по биоэтике. — Киев: 123–128.
8. Широбоков ВП, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2010). Новые стратегии в области создания и клинического использования пробиотиков. Вісник фармакології та фармації. 2: 18–30.
9. Широбоков ВП, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2015). Создание оздоровительных средств нового поколения на основе смектита. Врачебное дело. 1(2): 3–9.
10. Шунько ЕЕ, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2003). Новый взгляд на формирование эндомикроэкологического статуса у новорожденных детей. Журнал практичного лікаря. 1: 54–61.
11. Шунько ЕЕ, Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС, Краснова ЮЮ. (2004). Проблемные вопросы микроэкологии и антибактериальной терапии новорожденных с перинатальной патологией. Здоровье женщины. 4(20): 171–177.
12. Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2005). Эра пробиотиков. Противоречия, проблемы, дискуссии. Колега. 3–4.
13. Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2007). Пробиотическая оптимизация первичного формирования нормальных биоценозов в неонатальном возрасте — залог предупреждения дисбиозов. Репродуктивное здоровье женщины. 3: 192–199.
14. Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2007). Улучшение репродуктивного здоровья женщины путем оптимизации микроэкологии пищеварительного и урогенитального тракта. Репродуктивное здоровье женщины. 3: 148–154.
15. Янковский ДС, Дымент ГС. (2008). Микрофлора и здоровье человека. Киев: Червона Рута-Турс: 552.
16. Янковский ДС, Широбоков ВП, Моисеенко РА, Волосовец АП, Кривопустов СП, Дымент ГС. (2010). Дисбиозы и современные подходы к их профилактике. Современная педиатрия. 3(31): 143–151.
17. Янковский ДС, Широбоков ВП, Дымент ГС. (2011). Интегральная роль симбиотической микрофлоры в физиологии человека. Киев: Червона Рута-Турс: 169.
18. Янковский ДС, Антипкин ЮГ, Дымент ГС, Знаменская ТК, Шунько ЕЕ, Давыдова ЮВ. (2015). Микробная экология новорожденных: особенности формирования микробиома и профилактика его нарушений. Неонатологія, хірургія та перинатальна медицина. 5, 2: 93–105.
19. Янковский ДС, Широбоков ВП, Дымент ГС. (2017). Микробиом — Киев: ФЛП Верес О.И.: 640.
20. Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. (2014).The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome. Sci. Transl. Med. 6: 237–265. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3008599; PMid:24848255 PMCid:PMC4929217
21. Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Bjorksten B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. (2012). Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 129: 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.025; PMid:22153774
22. Alfaleh K, Bassler D. (2011). Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD005496. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005496.pub3
23. Allen SJ, Wareham K, Wang D, Bradley C, Hutchings H, Harris W, Dhar A, Brown H, Foden A, Gravenor MB, Mack D. (2013). Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 382(9900): 1249–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61218-0
24. Allen-Blevins CR, Sela DA, Hinde K. (2015). Milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict. Evol. Med. Public Health. 2015: 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eov007; PMid:25835022 PMCid:PMC4512713
25. Angeloni S, Ridet JL, Kusy N, Gao H, Crevoisier F, Guinchard S, Kochhar S, Sigrist H, Sprenger N. (2005). Glycoprofiling with micro-arrays of glycoconjugates and lectins. Glycobiology. 15: 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwh143; PMid:15342550
26. Applegate JA, Fischer Walker CL, Ambikapathi R, Black RE. (2013). Systematic review of probiotics for the treatment of community-acquired acute diarrhea in children. BMC Public Health. 13(3):16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S16.
27. Arboleya S, Binetti A, Salazar N, Fernandez N, Solis G, Hernandez–Barranco A, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilan CG, Gueimonde M. (2012). Establishment and development of intestinal microbiota in preterm neonates. Fems Microbiology Ecology. 79(3): 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01261.x; PMid:22126419
28. Arboleya S, Watkins C, Stanton C, Ross RP. (2016). Gut Bifidobacteria Populations in Human Health and Aging. Front. Microbiol. 19: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01204; PMid:27594848 PMCid:PMC4990546
29. Avershina E, Storro O, Oien T, Johnsen R, Pope P, Rudi K. (2014). Major faecal microbiota shifts in composition and diversity with age in a geographically restricted cohort of mothers and their children. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 87: 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12223; PMid:24112053
30. Azad MB, Moossavi S, Owora A, Sepehri S. (2017). Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure, Gut Microbiota Development, and Predisposition to Obesity. Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. 88: 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455216; PMid:28346924.
31. Ballarin O. (1971). The scientific rationale for the use of acidified and fermented milk feeding infants and young children. FAO/WHO/UNICEF Protein Advisory Group. Doc. 1.14/19.
32. Bearfield C, Davenport ES, Sivapathasundaram V, Allaker RP. (2002). Possible association between amniotic fluid microorganism infection and microflora in the mouth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 109: 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01349.x; PMid:12066942
33. Beausoleil M, Fortier N, Guenette S et al. (2007).Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus C11285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Can. J Gastroenterol. 21: 732–736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/720205; PMid:18026577 PMCid:PMC2658588
34. Benjamin DK, Stoll BJ, Fanaroff AA, Mc Donald SA, Poole K, Laptook A. (2006). Neonatal Candidiasis among extremely low birth weight infants: risk factors, mortality rates and neurodevelopment outcomes at 18 to 22 months. Pediatrics. 117: 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2292; PMid:16396864
35. Benson AK. (2015). Host genetic architecture and the landscape of microbiome composition: humans weigh in. Genome Biol. 16: http://www.genomebiology.com/2015/16/1/191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0775-1; PMid:26395444 PMCid:PMC4578423
36. Bernaola Aponte G, Bada Mancilla CA, Carreazo NY, Rojas Galarza RA. (2013). Probiotics for treating persistent diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 20 (8): CD007401. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007401.pub3; PMid:23963712 PMCid:PMC6532736
37. Bin-Nun A, Bromiker R, Wilschanski M et al. (2005). Oral Probiotics Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis In Very Low Birth Weight Neonates. Pediatrics. 147: 192—196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.03.054; PMid:16126048
38. Bjorksten B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. (2001). Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108(4): 516—520. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.118130; PMid:11590374
39. Blaut M, Clavel T. (2007). Metabolic diversity of the intestinal microbiota: implications for health and disease. J. Nutr. 137: 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.3.751S; PMid:17311972
40. Blekhman R, Goodrich JK, Huang K, Sun Q, Bukowski R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Keinan A, Ley RE, Gevers D et al. (2015). Host genetic variation impacts microbiome composition across human body sites. Genome Biol. 16: 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0759-1; PMid:26374288 PMCid:PMC4570153
41. Bode L. (2006). Recent advances on structure, metabolism, and function of human milk oligosaccharides. J. Nutr. 136: 2127–2130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.8.2127; PMid:16857829
42. Boehm G, Moro G. (2008). Structural and functional aspects of prebiotics used in infant nutrition. Journal of Nutrition. 138(9): 1818–1828. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.9.1818S; PMid:18716193
43. Borchers AT, Selmi C, Meyers FJ, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. (2014). Probiotics and immunity. J. Gastroenterol. 44: 26–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0; PMid:19159071
44. Borre YE, O'Keeffe GW, Clarke G, Stanton C, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. (2014). Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders. Trends Mol. Med. 20(9): 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002; PMid:24956966
45. Cabrera-Rubio R, Collado MC, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E, Mira A. (2012). The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: http://www.fecyt.es/fecyt/home.do. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.037382; PMid:22836031
46. Campeotto F, Suau A, Kapel N, Magne F, Viallon V et al. (2011). A fermented formula in preterm infants: clinical tolerance, gut microbiota, down-regulation of faecal calprotectin and up regulation of faecal secretory IgA. Br J Nutr. 105: 1843–1851. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510005702; PMid:21426607
47. Candela M, Perna F, Carnevali P, Vitali B, Ciati R, Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Campieri M, Brigidi P. (2008). Interaction of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with human intestinal epithelial cells: Adhesion properties, competition against enteropathogens and modulation of IL-8 production. Int J Food Microbiol. 125: 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.012; PMid:18524406
48. Chang JY, Shin SM, Chun J, Lee J-H, Seo J-K. (2011). Pyrosequencing-based Molecular Monitoring of the Intestinal Bacterial Colonization in Preterm Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 53(5): 512–519. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318227e518; PMid:21734604
49. Chen CC, Kong MS, Lai MW, Chao HC et al. (2010). Probiotics have clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic efficacy in acute infectious diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 29(2): 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e3181b530bf; PMid:20135748
50. Cheng J, Ringel-Kulka T, Heikamp-de Jong I. Ringel Y, Carroll I, de Vos WM et al. (2015). Discordant temporal development of bacterial phyla and the emergence of core in the fecal microbiota of young children. ISME J. 10(4): 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.177; PMid:26430856 PMCid:PMC4796939
51. Chernikova DA, Madan JC, Housman ML, Zain-Ul-Abideen M, Lundgren SN, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Williams SM, Moore JH, Karagas MR, et al. (2018). The premature infant gut microbiome during the first 6 weeks of life differs based on gestational maturity at birth. Pediatr. Res. 84: 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0022-z; PMid:29795209 PMCid:PMC6082716.
52. Chichlowski M, De Lartigue G, German JB, Raybould HE, Mills DA. (2012). Bifidobacteria isolated from infants and cultured on human milk oligosaccharides affect intestinal epithelial function. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 55: 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31824fb899; PMid:22383026 PMCid:PMC3381975
53. Claud EC, Walker WA. (2001). Hypothesis: inappropriate colonization of the premature intestine can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. FASEB J. 15: 1398–1403. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.00-0833hyp; PMid:11387237
54. Collado MC, Rautava S, Aakko J, Isolauri E, Salminen S. (2016). Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci. Rep. 6: 23129. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23129; PMid:27001291 PMCid:PMC4802384.
55. Coppa GV, Bruni S, Morelli L, et al. (2004). The first prebiotics in humans: human milk oligosaccharides. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38: 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000128926.14285.25; PMid:15220665
56. Coppa GV, Zampini L, Galeazzi T, Facinelli B, Ferrante L, Capretti R, Orazio G. (2006). Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit the adhesion to Caco-2 cells of diarrheal pathogens: Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Salmonella fyris. Pediatr. Res. 59: 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000200805.45593.17; PMid:16492975
57. Cording J, Berg J, Kading N, Bellmann C, Tscheik C, Westphal JK, Milatz S, Gunzel D, Wolburg H, Piontek J, Huber O, Blasig IE. (2013). In tight junctions, claudins regulate the interactions between occludin, tricellulin and marvelD3, which, inversely, modulate claudin oligomerization. J. Cell. Sci. 126(2): 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114306; PMid:23203797
58. Costello EK, Stagaman K, Dethlefsen L, Bohannan BJ, Relman DA. (2012). The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome. Science. 336: 1255–1262. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224203; PMid:22674335 PMCid:PMC4208626
59. Davenport ER. (2016). Elucidating the role of the host genome in shaping microbiome composition. Gut Microb. 7: 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2016.1155022; PMid:26939746 PMCid:PMC4856462
60. Deasy AM, Guccione E, Dale AP, Andrews N, Evans CM, Bennett JS, Bratcher HB, Maiden MC, Gorringe AR, Read RC. (2015). Nasal Inoculation of the Commensal Neisseria lactamica Inhibits Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis by Young Adults: A Controlled Human Infection Study. Clin Infect Dis. 60(10): 1512–1520. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ098; PMid:25814628
61. Deshpande G, Rao S, Patole S. (2007). Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 369(9573): 1614–1620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60748-X
62. Deshpande G, Rao S, Kell A, Patole S. (2011). Evidence-based guidelines for use probiotics in preterm neonates. BMC Medicine. 9: 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-92; PMid:21806843 PMCid:PMC3163616
63. Desselberger U. (2018). The mammalian intestinal microbiome: composition, interaction with the immune system, significance for vaccine efficacy, and potential for disease therapy. Pathogens. 7:E57. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7030057; PMid:29933546 PMCid:PMC6161280.
64. De Wolfe TJ, Eggers S, Barker AK, Kates AE, Dill-McFarland KA, Suen G, et al. (2018). Oral probiotic combination of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium alters the gastrointestinal microbiota during antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS One. 13:e0204253. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204253; PMid:30265691 PMCid:PMC6161886.
65. Doege K, Grajecki D, Zyriax BC, Detinkina E, Zu Eulenburg C, Buhling KJ. (2012). Impact of maternal supplementation with probiotics during pregnancy on atopic eczema in childhood — a meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 107: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511003400; PMid:21787448
66. Donnet-Hughes A, Perez PF, Dore J, Leclerc M, Levenez F, Benyacoub J, et al. (2010). Potential role of the intestinal microbiota of the mother in neonatal immune education. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 69: 407–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665110001898; PMid:20633308
67. Dotterud CK, Storro O, Johnsen R, Oien T. (2010). Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 163: 616–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09889.x; PMid:20545688
68. Edwards CA, Parrett AM. (2002). Intestinal flora during the first months of life: new perspectives. British Journal of Nutrition. 88(1): 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002625; PMid:12215177
69. El Aidy S, van Baarlen P, Derrien M, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Hooiveld G, Levenez F, Dore J, Dekker J, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EE, Kleerebezem M. (2012). Temporal and spatial interplay of microbiota and intestinal mucosa drive establishment of immune homeostasis in conventionalized mice. Mucosal Immunol. 5(5): 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.32; PMid:22617837
70. El Aidy S, Kleerebezem M. (2013). Molecular signatures for the dynamic process of establishing intestinal host-microbial homeostasis: potential for disease diagnostics? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 29(6): 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e328365d365; PMid:24100720
71. El Aidy S, Merrifield CA, Derrien M, van Baarlen P, Hooiveld G, Levenez F, Dore J, Dekker J, Holmes E, Claus SP, Reijngoud DJ, Kleerebezem M. (2013). The gut microbiota elicits a profound metabolic reorientation in the mouse jejunal mucosa during conventionalization. Gut. 62(9): 1306–1314. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301955; PMid:22722618
72. El Aidy S, Derrien M, Aardema R, Hooiveld G, Richards SE, Dane A, Dekker J, Vreeken R, Levenez F, Dore J, Zoetendal EG, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M. (2014). Transient inflammatory-like state and microbial dysbiosis are pivotal in establishment of mucosal homeostasis during colonisation of germ/free mice. Benef Microbes. 5(1): 67–77. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2013.0018; PMid:24322881
73. El Aidy S, Stilling R, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. (2016). Microbiome to Brain: Unravelling the Multidirectional Axes of Communication. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 874: 301–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20215-0_15; PMid:26589226
74. Fallani M, Young D, Scott J, Norin E, Amarri S., Adam R, Aguilera M, Khanna S, Gil A, Edwards CA, Dore J. (2010). Intestinal microbiota of 6-week-old infants across Europe: geographic influence beyond delivery mode, breast-feeding, and antibiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 51(1): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181d1b11e; PMid:20479681
75. Fanaro S, Boehm G, Garssen J, Knol J, Mosca F, Stahl B, Vigi V. (2005). Galactooligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides as prebiotics in infant formulas: A review. Acta Paediatrica. 94: 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035320510043538; PMid:16214761
76. Favier CF, de Vos WM, Akkermans AD. (2005). Development of bacterial and bifidobacterial communities in feces of newborn babies. Anaerobe. 9: 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2003.07.001; PMid:16887708
77. Feehley T, Plunkett CH, Bao R, Choi Hong SM, Culleen E, Belda-Ferre P, et al. (2019). Healthy infants harbor intestinal bacteria that protect against food allergy. Nat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0324-z; PMid:30643289 PMCid:PMC6408964. Epub ahead of print.
78. Feng Y, Wang Y, Wang P, Huang Y, Wang F. (2018). Short-Chain Fatty Acids Manifest Stimulative and Protective Effects on Intestinal Barrier Function Through the Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy. Cell Physiol Biochem. 49:190–205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492853; PMid:30138914.
79. Fernandez L, Langa S, Martin V, Maldonado A, Jimenez E, et al. (2013). The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacol. Res. 69: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.001; PMid:22974824
80. Ferraris L, Butel MJ, Campeotto F, Vodovar M, Roze JC. (2012). Clostridia in premature neonates' gut: incidence, antibiotic susceptibility, and perinatal determinants influencing colonization. PLoS One. 7: e30594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030594; PMid:22291996 PMCid:PMC3266918.
81. Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, Asnicar F, Gorfer V, Fedi S, Armanini F, Truong DT, Manara S, Zolfo M, et al. (2018). Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.005; PMid:30001516 PMCid:PMC6716579.
82. Fitzgibbons SC, Ching YM, Yu D, Carpenter J, Kenny M, Weldon C, Lillehei C, Valim C, Horbar JD, Jaksic T. (2009). Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 44(6): 1072–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013; PMid:19524719
83. Fukui H, Xu X, Miwa H. (2018). Role of gut microbiota-gut hormone axis in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 24: 367–386. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm18071; PMid:29969855 PMCid:PMC6034676.
84. Fulde M, Sommer F, Chassaing B, van Vorst K, Dupont A, Hensel M, Basic M, Klopfleisch R, Rosenstiel P, Bleich A, et al. (2018). Neonatal selection by Toll/like receptor 5 influences long-term gut microbiota composition. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0395-5; PMid:30089902.
85. Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR. (2013). Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission. PLoS Biol. 11:e1001631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631; PMid:23976878 PMCid:PMC3747981.
86. Garrido D, Barile D, Mills DA. (2012). A molecular basis for bifidobacterial enrichment in the infant gastrointestinal tract. Adv Nutr. 3: 415–421. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001586; PMid:22585920 PMCid:PMC3649478
87. Geva-Zatorsky N, Sefik E, Kua L, Pasman L, Tan TG, Ortiz-Lopez A, et al. (2017). Mining the human gut microbiota for immunomodulatory organisms. Cell. 168: 928–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.022; PMid:28215708.
88. Gilbert SF. (2014). A holobiont birth narrative: the epigenetic transmission of the human microbiome. Front Genet. 5: 282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00282; PMid:25191338 PMCid:PMC4137224
89. Girish D. (2007). Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 369: 1614–1620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60748-X
90. Gomez de Aguero M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Fuhrer T, Rupp S, Uchimura Y, Li H, Steinert A, Heikenwalder M, Hapfelmeier S, Sauer U, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ. (2016). The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development. Science. 351(6279): 1296–1302. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2571; PMid:26989247
91. Goodrich JK, Davenport ER, Waters JL, Clark AG, Ley RE. (2016). Crossspecies comparisons of host genetic associations with the microbiome. Science. 352: 532–535. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9379; PMid:27126034 PMCid:PMC5116907
92. Gosalbes MJ, Llop S, Valles Y, Moya A, Ballester F. (2013). Meconium microbiota types dominated by lactic acid or enteric bacteria are differentially associated with maternal eczema and respiratory problems in infants. Clin Exp Allergy. 43(2): 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12063; PMid:23331561
93. Gray JW. (2007). Surveillance of infection in neonatal intensive care units. Early Hum Develop. 83: 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.01.006; PMid:17289308
94. Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Erkk EP et al. (1999). Fecal microflora in healphy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after Cesarean delivery. JPGN. 98: 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199901000-00007; PMid:9890463
95. Grunland M, Guimonde M, Laitinen K. (2007). Maternal breast-milk and intestinal bifidobacteria guide the compositional development of the Bifidobacterium microbiota in infants at risk of allergic disease. Clin. and Experimental Allergy. 111: 1–9.
96. Guarino A, Wudy A, Basile F, Ruberto E, Buccigrossi V. (2012). Composition and roles of intestinal microbiota in children. J Matern Fetal Neonatal. Med. 25(1): 63–66. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.663231; PMid:22348506
97. Haarman M, Knol J. (2005). Quantitative real-time PCR assays to identify and quantify fecal Bifidobacterium species in infants receiving a prebiotic infant formula. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71(5): 2318–2324. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.5.2318-2324.2005; PMid:15870317 PMCid:PMC1087546
98. Hall B, Chesters J, Robinson A. (2011). Infantile colic: A systematic review of medical and conventional therapies. J Paediatr Child Health. 10(11): 1440–1754.
99. Hallstrom M, Eerola E, Vuento R, Janas M, Tammela O. (2004). Effects of mode of delivery and necrotising enterocolitis on the intestinal microflora in preterm infants. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 23(6): 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-004-1146-0; PMid:15168141
100. Hamzelou J. (2012). Babies are born dirty, with a gutful of bacteria. New Scientist. 214: 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60931-2
101. Hardy H, Harris J, Lyon E, Beal J, Foey AD. (2013). Probiotics, Prebiotics and Immunomodulation of Gut Mucosal Defences: Homeostasis and Immunopathology. Nutrients. 5: 1869–1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5061869; PMid:23760057 PMCid:PMC3725482
102. Harris VC, Armah G, Fuentes S, Korpela KE, Parashar U, Victor JC, Tate J, de Weerth C, Giaquinto C, Wiersinga WJ, et al. (2017). Significant Correlation Between the Infant Gut Microbiome and Rotavirus Vaccine Response in Rural Ghana. J Infect Dis. 215: 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw518; PMid:27803175 PMCid:PMC5225256.
103. Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, et al. (2007). Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 335(7610). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55; PMid:17604300 PMCid:PMC1914504.
104. Hojsak I, Abdovic S, Szajewska H, Milosevic M, Krznaric Z, Kolacek S. (2010). Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics. 125(5): 1171–1177. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2568; PMid:20403940
105. Hong PY, Lee BW, Aw M, Shek LP, Yap GC, et al. (2010). Comparative analysis of fecal microbiota in infants with and without eczema. PLoS ONE. 5: e9964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009964; PMid:20376357 PMCid:PMC2848600.
106. Hong P, Ninonuevo MR, Lee B, Lebrilla C, Bode L. (2009). Human milk oligosaccharides reduce HIV-1-gp120 binding to dendritic cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Br J Nutr. 101: 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508025804; PMid:19230080
107. Hong PY, Croix JA, Greenberg E, Gaskins HR, Mackie RI. (2011). Pyrosequencing-based analysis of the mucosal microbiota in healthy individuals reveals ubiquitous bacterial groups and micro-heterogeneity. PLoS One. 6(9):e25042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025042
PMid:21966408 PMCid:PMC3178588. Epub 2011 Sep 22.
108. Hooks KB, Konsman JP, O'Malley MA. (2018). Microbiota-gut-brain research: a critical analysis. Behav. Brain Sci. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X18002133; PMid:30207256
109. Huda MN, Lewis Z, Kalanetra KM, Rashid M, Ahmad SM, Raqib R, Qadri F, Underwood MA, Mills DA, Stephensen CB. (2014). Stool Microbiota and Vaccine Responses of Infants. Pediatrics. 134(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3937; PMid:25002669 PMCid:PMC4187229.
110. Hunt KM, Foster JA, Forney LJ, Schutte UM, Beck DL, Abdo Z, Fox LK, Williams JE, McGuire MK, McGuire MA. (2011). Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS One. 6:e21313. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021313; PMid:21695057 PMCid:PMC3117882
111. Huurre A, Laitinen K, Rautava S, Korkeamaki M, Isolauri E. (2008). Impact of maternal atopy and probiotic supplementation during pregnancy on infant sensitization: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy. 38: 1342–1348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03008.x; PMid:18477013
112. Hviid A, Svanstrom H, Frisch M. (2011). Antibiotic use and inflammatory bowel diseases in childhood. Gut. 60: 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.219683; PMid:20966024
113. Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Bisceglia M, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. (2008). The effects of probiotics on feeding tolerance, bowel habits, and gastrointestinal motility in preterm newborns. J Pediatr. 152(6): 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.11.005; PMid:18492520
114. Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, Laitinen K, Salminen S. (2008). Modulation of the maturing gut barrier and microbiota: a novel target in allergic disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14: 1368–1375. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208784480207; PMid:18537659
115. Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC, Harris K, Quince C, Jernberg C, et al. (2014). Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut: 63: 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303249; PMid:23926244
116. Jeurink PV, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Jimnez E, Knippels LMJ, Fernndez L, Garssen J, Knol J, Rodrguez JM, Martn R. (2013). Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial Microbes. 4(1): 17–30. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2012.0040; PMid:23271066
117. Jiang X, Huang P, Zhong W, Tan M, Farkas T, Morrow AL, Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK. (2004). Human milk contains elements that block binding of noroviruses to human histo-blood group antigens in saliva. J Infect Dis. 190: 1850–1859. https://doi.org/10.1086/425159; PMid:15499543
118. Jimenez E, Fernandez L, Marin ML, Martin R, Odriozola JM, et al. (2005). Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section. Current Microbiology: 51: 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-005-0020-3; PMid:16187156
119. Jimenez E, Delgado S, Maldonado A, et al. (2008). Staphylococcus epidermidis: A differential trait of the fecal microbiota of breast-fed infants. BMC Microbiology. 8(10): 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-8-143; PMid:18783615 PMCid:PMC2551609
120. Johansson MA, Sjogren,YM, Persson, JO, Nilsson, C, Sverremark-Ekstrom, E. (2011). Early colonization with a group of Lactobacilli decreases the risk for allergy at five years of age despite allergic heredity. PLoS ONE. 6: e23031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023031; PMid:21829685 PMCid:PMC3148229.
121. Johansson ME, Larsson JM, Hansson GC. (2011). The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host/microbial interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108(1): 4659–4665. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006451107; PMid:20615996 PMCid:PMC3063600
122. Johnson K. (2014). Probiotics in Pregnancy, Lactation Reduce Dermatitis. Medscape Medical News. http://www.medscape.com/viewartic/le/835445.
123. Johnston BC, Goldenberg JZ, Vandvik PO. (2011). Probiotics for the preventions of pediatric antibiotic/associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9(11):CD004827. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub3
124. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. (2001). Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 357: 1076–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04259-8
125. Kalliomaki M. (2003). Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 361 (9372): 1869–1871. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13490-3
126. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E. (2007). Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 119: 1019–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.608; PMid:17289135
127. Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. (2008). Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(3): 534–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.3.534; PMid:18326589
128. Kang DW, Adams J, Coleman DM, Pollard EL, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, Krajmalnik-Brown R. (2019). Long-term benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Scientific reports. 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42183-0; PMid:30967657 PMCid:PMC6456593.
129. Keles S, Artac H, Kara R, Gokturk B, Ozen A, Reisli I. (2010). Transient hypogammaglobulinemia and unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia: 'similarities and differences'. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 21(5): 843–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01010.x; PMid:20609138
130. Kelly D, Conway S, Aminov R. (2005). Commensal gut bacteria: mechanisms of immune modulation. Trends in Immunology. 26(6): 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2005.04.008; PMid:15922949
131. Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. (2015). Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. — 2015. 9: 392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00392
132. Kim JY, Kwon JH, Ahn SH, Lee SI, Han YS, Choi YO, Lee SY, Ahn KM, Ji GE. (2010). Effect of probiotic mix (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) in the primary prevention of eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 21(2 Pt 2): 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00958.x; PMid:19840300
133. Kim YG, Sakamoto K, Seo SU, Pickard JM, Gillilland MG, Pudlo NA, et al. (2017). Neonatal acquisition of Clostridia species protects against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Science. 356: 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2029; PMid:28428425 PMCid:PMC6082366.
134. Klaassens ES, de Vos WM, Vaughan EE. (2007). Metaproteomics approach to study the functionality of the microbiota in the human infant gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol. 73(4): 1388–1392. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01921-06; PMid:17158612 PMCid:PMC1828649
135. Kleerebezem M, Binda S, Bron PA, Gross G, Hill C, van Hylckama Vlieg JE, et al. (2018). Understanding mode of action can drive the translational pipeline towards more reliable health benefits for probiotics. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 56: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2018.09.007; PMid:30296737.
136. Knights D, Silverberg MS, Weersma RK, Gevers D, Dijkstra G, Huang H, Tyler AD, van Sommeren S, Imhann F, Stempak JM, et al. (2014). Complex host genetics influence the microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease. Genome Med. 6: 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-014-0107-1; PMid:25587358 PMCid:PMC4292994. eCollection 2014.
137. Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J. (2011). Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108: 14578–4585. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000081107; PMid:20668239 PMCid:PMC3063592
138. Koning CJ, Jonkers DM, Stobberingh EE, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, et al. (2008). The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the intestinal microbiota and bowel movements in healthy volunteers taking the antibiotic amoxicillin. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 103: 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01547.x; PMid:17900321
139. Kopp MV, Hennemuth I, Heinzmann A, Urbanek R. (2008). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for primary prevention: no clinical effects of Lactobacillus GG supplementation. Pediatrics. 121: 850–856. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1492; PMid:18332075
140. Korpela K, Salonen A, Vepsalainen O, Suomalainen M, Kolmeder C, Varjosalo M, et al. (2018). Probiotic supplementation restores normal microbiota composition and function in antibiotic-treated and in caesarean-born infants. Microbiome. 6:182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0567-4; PMid:30326954 PMCid:PMC6192119.
141. Kotiranta-Ainamo A, Rautonen J, Rautonen N. (2004). Imbalanced cytokine secretion in newborns. Biol Neonate. 85(1): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000074959; PMid:14631168
142. Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, Tuure T, Kuitunen M. (2007). Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 119: 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.009; PMid:17208601
143. Kunz C, Rudloff S, Baier W, Klein N, Strobel S. (2000). Oligosaccharides in human milk: Structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20: 699–722. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.699; PMid:10940350
144. Kurmann JA, Rasic JL. (1988). Fermented milks. Scince and technology. Bulletin of the international dairy federation. 227: 237–260.
145. LaTuga MS, Ellis JC, Cotton CM, Goldberg RN, Wynn JL. (2011). Beyond bacteria: a study of the enteric microbial consortium in extremely low birth weight infants. PLoS One. 6(12): e27858. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027858; PMid:22174751 PMCid:PMC3234235.
146. Law BJ, Urias BA, Lertzman J, Robson D, Romance L. (1989). Is Ingestion of Milk-Associated Bacteria by Premature Infants Fed Raw Human Milk Controlled by Routine Bacteriologic Screening? J Clin Microbiol. 27(7): 1560–1566.
147. Lawrence G, Tudehope D, Baumann K, et al. (2001). Enteral human IgG for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis: a placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 357(9274): 2090–2094. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05182-5
148. Lawrence RM, Pane CA. (2007). Human breast milk: current concepts of immunology and infectious diseases. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 37: 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2006.10.002; PMid:17157245
149. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, et al. (2013). Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature. 500(7464): 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12506; PMid:23985870
150. Lederberg J. (1998). Plasmid (1952–1997). Plasmid. 39: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1006/plas.1997.1320; PMid:9473441
151. Lee JH, O'Sullivan DJ. (2010). Genomic Insights into Bifidobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 74(3): 378–416. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00004-10; PMid:20805404 PMCid:PMC2937518
152. Leke A, Romond MB, Mullie C. (2007). Insights in the Human Bifidobacterial Flora Through Culture-Dependent and Independent Techniques. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology. 2: 758–765.
153. Lesman-Movshovich E, Lerrer B, Gilboa-Garber N. (2003). Blocking of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins by human milk glycans. Can J Microbiol. 49: 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1139/w03-027; PMid:12795411
154. Lewis ZT, Totten SM, Smilowitz JT, Popovic M, Parker E, Lemay DG, Van Tassell ML, Miller MJ, Jin YS, German JB, et al. (2015). Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome. 3: 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0071-z; PMid:25922665 PMCid:PMC4412032. eCollection 2015.
155. Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, Reifer C, Ouwehand AC. (2009). Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. Pediatrics. 124(2): 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-2666; PMid:19651563
156. Li M, Wang M, Donovan SM. (2014). Early Development of the Gut Microbiome and Immune-Mediated Childhood Disorders. Semin Reprod Med. 32: 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1361825; PMid:24390924
157. Lin HC, Su BH, Chen AC. (2005). Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 115(1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1463; PMid:15629973
158. Liu XL, Li ML, Ma WX, Xia SL, Xu BL. (2013). Clinical trial on the prevention of diarrhea by oral BIFICO for infants aged 1–6 years. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 27(4): 277–279.
159. Madan JC, Salari RC, Saxena D, Davidson L, O'Toole GA. (2012). Gut microbial colonisation in premature neonates predicts neonatal sepsis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. 97(6): 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1136/fetalneonatal-2011-301373; PMid:22562869 PMCid:PMC3724360
160. Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Offenbacher S. (2013). Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontol. 84: 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2013.1340015; PMid:23631577
161. Magne F, Abely M, Boyer F, Morville P, Pochart P, et al. (2006). Low species diversity and high interindividual variability in faeces of preterm infants as revealed by sequences of 16S rRNA genes and PCR-temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis profiles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 57: 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00097.x; PMid:16819956
162. Martin R, Heilig HG, Zoetendal EG, Jimenez E, Fernandez L, Smidt H, Rodriguez JM. (2007). Cultivation-independent assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk among healthy women. Res Microbiol. 158: 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2006.11.004; PMid:17224259
163. Makhoul IR, Bental Y, Weisbrod M, Sujov P, Lusky A, Reichman B. (2007). Candida versus bacterial late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight infants in Israel: a national survey. J Hosp Infect. 65: 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2006.12.004; PMid:17275963
164. Makino H, Kushiro A, Ishikawa E, Kubota H, Gawad A, Sakai T, et al. (2013). Mother-to-infant transmission of intestinal bifidobacterial strains has an impact on the early development of vaginally delivered infant's microbiota. PLoS ONE. 8:e78331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078331; PMid:24244304 PMCid:PMC3828338.
165. Manzoni P, Pedicino R, Stolfi I, Decembrino L, Castagnola E, Pugni L. (2004). the Neonatal Fungal Infections Task Force of the Italian Neonatology Society. Criteri per una corretta Diagnosi delle Infezioni Fungine Sistemiche Neonatali in TIN: i suggerimenti della Task Force per le Infezioni Fungine Neonatali del G.S.I.N. Pediatr. Med. Chir. 26(2): 89–95.
166. Marcobal A, Sonnenburg J. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharide consumption by intestinal microbiota. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18: 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03863.x; PMid:22647041 PMCid:PMC3671919
167. Martin RI, Langa SH, Reviriego CF. (2003). Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. J Pediatrics. 143, 6: 754–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.09.028; PMid:14657823
168. Martin RI, Olivares MG, Martin MR. (2005). Probiotic potential of 3 Lactobacilli strains isolated from breast milk. J Hum Lact. 21, l: 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334404272393; PMid:15681631
169. Matsuki S, Ozaki E, Shozu M, et al. (2005). Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day/ care facilities of Kanazawa. Japan Int Microbiol. 8 (1): 43–48.
170. Matsumoto M, Ishige A, Yazawa Y, Kondo M, Muramatsu K, Watanabe K. (2012). Promotion of intestinal peristalsis by Bifidobacterium spp. Capable of hydrolysis sennosides in mice. PLoS One. 7: e31700. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031700; PMid:22384059 PMCid:PMC3284505
171. Maurice CF, Haiser HJ, Turnbaugh PJ. (2013). Xenobiotics shape the physiology and gene expression of the active human gut microbiome. Cell. 152: 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.052; PMid:23332745 PMCid:PMC3552296
172. Maynard CL, Elson CO, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. (2012). Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system. Nature. 489: 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11551; PMid:22972296 PMCid:PMC4492337
173. Mazmanian SK, Lui C, Tzianaboz AO, Kasper DL. (2005). An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell. 122: 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.007; PMid:16009137
174. Mbakwa CA, Hermes GDA, Penders J, Savelkoul PHM, Thijs C, Dagnelie PC, Mommers M, Zoetendal EG, Smidt H, Arts ICW. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Body Weight in School-Aged Children: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22320; PMid:30296366 PMCid:PMC6646907.
175. Mercenier A, Pavan S, Pot B. (2003). Probiotics as biotherapeutic agents: present knowledge and future prospects. Curr Pharm Des. 9(2): 175–191. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612033392224; PMid:12570667
176. Mikkelsen HB, Garbarsch C, Tranum-Jensen J, Thuneberg L. (2004). Macrophages in the small intestinal muscularis externa of embryos, newborn and adult germ/free mice. J Mol Histol. 35(4): 377–387. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HIJO.0000039840.86420.b7
177. Mohammadkhah AI, Eoin Simpson B, Patterson SG, Ferguson JF. (2018). Development of the Gut Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease Children (Basel). 5(12): 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5120160; PMid:30486462 PMCid:PMC6306821.
178. Moles L, Gomez M, Heilig H, Bustos G, Fuentes S. (2013). Bacterial Diversity in Meconium of Preterm Neonates and Evolution of Their Fecal Microbiota during the First Month of Life. PLoS ONE. 8(6): 669–686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066986; PMid:23840569 PMCid:PMC3695978
179. Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Jiang XL, Newburg DS. (2005). Human-milk glyeans that inhibit pathogenbinding protect breastfeeding infants against infectious diarrhea. J Nutr. 135: 1304–1307. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.5.1304; PMid:15867329
180. Mshvildadze M, Neu J, Shuster J, Theriaque D, Li N. (2010). Intestinal microbial ecology in premature infants assessed with non-culture-based techniques. J Pediatr. 156: 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.063; PMid:19783002 PMCid:PMC3628625
181. Nelson DE, Dong Q, Van der PB, et al. (2012). Bacterial communities of the coronal sulcus and distal urethra of adolescent males. PLoS ONE. 7: e36298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036298; PMid:22606251 PMCid:PMC3350528
182. Neu J, Walker WA. (2011). Medical Progress: Necrotizing Enterocolitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 364(3): 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1005408; PMid:21247316 PMCid:PMC3628622
183. Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. (2011). Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil.: 23: 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x; PMid:21054680
184. Newburg DS, Walker WA. (2007). Protection of the neonate by the innate immune system of developing gut and of human milk. Pediatr Res. 61(1): 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000250274.68571.18; PMid:17211132
185. Nicolini G, Sperotto F, Esposito S. (2014). Combating the rise of antibiotic resistance in children. Minerva Pediatr. 66: 31–39.
186. Niers L, Martin R, Rijkers G, Sengers F, Timmerman H, van Uden NN, Smidt H, Kimpen J, Hoekstra M. (2009). The effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of eczema (the PandA study). Allergy. 64: 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02021.x; PMid:19392993
187. Oliveri S, Trovato L, Betta P, Romeo MG, Nicoletti G. (2008). Experience with the Platelia Candida ELISA for the diagnosis of invasive candidosis in neonatal patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 14: 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01938.x; PMid:18190572
188. O'Sullivan A, Farver M, Smilowitz JT. (2015). The Influence of Early Infant-Feeding Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome and Body Composition in Infants. Nutr Metab Insights. 8(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S29530; PMid:26715853 PMCid:PMC4686345
189. Ouwehand A, Isolauri E, Salminen S. (2002). The role of intestinal microflora for development of the immune system in early childhood. Eur J Nutr. 41, l: 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-002-1105-4; PMid:12420114
190. Ouwehand AC, Isolauri E, He F, Hashimoto H, Benno Y, Salminen S. (2001). Differences in Bifidobacterium flora composition in allergic and healthy infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 108(1): 144–145. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2001.115754; PMid:11447399
191. Palmer C, Bik EM., DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. (2007). Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol. 5: e177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050177; PMid:17594176 PMCid:PMC1896187.
192. Pammi M, Cope J, Tarr PI, Warner BB, Morrow AL, Mai V, Gregory KE, Kroll JS, McMurtry V, Ferris M.J, et al. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants preceding necrotizing enterocolitis: A systematic review and meta/analysis. Microbiome. 5:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0248-8; PMid:28274256 PMCid:PMC5343300.
193.Pannaraj PS. et al. (2017). Association between breast milk bacterial communities and establishment and development of the infant gut microbiome. JAMA Pediatr. 171: 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0378; PMid:28492938 PMCid:PMC5710346
194. Patel RM, Underwood MA. (2018). Probiotics and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 27: 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.11.008; PMid:29275816 PMCid:PMC5844696.
195. Pedone CA, Arnaud CC, Postaire ER, et al. (2000). Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhoea. Int J Clin Prac. 54(9): 568–571.
196. Penders J, Stobberingh EE, van den Brandt PA, Thijs C. (2007). The role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of atopic disorders. Allergy. 62(11): 1223–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01462.x; PMid:17711557
197. Penders J, Thijs C, van den Brandt PA, Kummeling I, Snijders B, Stelma F, Adams H, van Ree R, Stobberingh EE. (2007). Gut microbiota composition and development of atopic manifestations in infancy: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Gut. 56(5): 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.100164; PMid:17047098 PMCid:PMC1942165
198. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling I, van den Brandt PA, Stobberingh EE. (2006). Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 118(2) 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2824; PMid:16882802
199. Perez PE, Dore JK, Ledere MV et al. (2007). Bacterial imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal cells? Pediatrics. 6:724–732. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1649; PMid:17332189
200. Perez-Munoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. (2017). A critical assessment of the «sterile womb» and «in utero colonization» hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. Microbiome. 5: 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4; PMid:28454555 PMCid:PMC5410102.
201. Pettoello MM, et al. (1989). Lactose malabsorption in children with symptomatic giardia Lambiainfection: feasibility of yoghurt supplementation. J Pediat Gastroentero. 9: 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198910000-00006; PMid:2614615
202. Phavichitr N, Puwdee P, Tantibhaedhyangkul R. (2013). Cost-benefit analysis of the probiotic treatment of children hospitalized for acute diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 44(6): 1065–1071.
203. Phadke SM, Deslouches B, Hileman SE, Montelaro RC, Wiesenfeld HC, Mietzner TA. (2005). Antimicrobial peptides in mucosal secretions: the importance of local secretions in mitigating infection. J Nutr. 135: 1289–1293. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.5.1289; PMid:15867326
204. Plummer SF, Garaiova I, Sarvotham T, et al. (2005). Effect of probiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota following antibiotic therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 26: 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.04.004; PMid:15967639
205. Praveen P, Jordan F, Priami C, Morine MJ. (2015). The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome. Microbiome. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0104-7; PMid:26399409 PMCid:PMC4581423.
206. Prince AL, Ma J, Kannan PS, Alvarez M, Gisslen T, Harris RA, Sweeney EL, Knox CL, Lambers DS, Jobe AH, et al. (2016). The placental membrane microbiome is altered among subjects with spontaneous preterm birth with and without chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 214: 627.e1-627.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.193; PMid:26965447 PMCid:PMC4909356.
207. Probiotic in children. (2016). Ed. M Manfredi and GL de'Angelis. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc: 352.
208. Quigley EMM, Pot B, Sanders ME. (2018). 'Brain fogginess' and D-lactic acidosis: probiotics are not the cause. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 9:187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41424-018-0057-9; PMid:30250026 PMCid:PMC6155354.
209. Rao SSC, Rehman A, Yu S, Andino NM. (2018). Brain fogginess, gas and bloating: a link between SIBO, probiotics and metabolic acidosis. Clin Transl. Gastroenterol. 9:162. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41424-018-0030-7; PMid:29915215 PMCid:PMC6006167.
210. Rather IA, Bajpai VK, Kumar S, Lim J, Paek WK, Park YH. (2016). Probiotics and Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview. Front Microbiol. 7: 507. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00507.
211. Rautava S, Kalliomaki M, Isolauri E. (2002). Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 109(1): 119–121. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.120273; PMid:11799376
212. Rautava S, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. (2006). Specific probiotics in enhancing maturation of IgA responses in formula/fed infants. Pediatr. Res. 60: 221–224. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000228317.72933.db; PMid:16864708
213. Rautava S, Salminen S, Isolauri E. (2009). Specific probiotics in reducing the risk of acute infections in infancy — a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studi. Br J Nutr. 101: 1722–1726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508116282; PMid:18986600
214. Robertson RC, Manges AR, Finlay BB, Prendergast AJ. (2019). The Human Microbiome and Child Growth — First 1000 Days and Beyond. Trends Microbiol. 27(2): 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.008; PMid:30529020.
215. Romeo MG, Romeo DM, Trovato L, Oliveri S, Palermo F, Cota F, Betta P. (2011). Role of probiotics in the prevention of the enteric colonization by Candida in preterm newborns: incidence of late-onset sepsis and neurological outcome. J Perinatol. 31(1): 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2010.57; PMid:20410904 PMCid:PMC3016918
216. Rosberg-Cody E, Ross RP, Hussey S, Ryan CA, Murphy BP, Fitzgerald GF, Devery R, Stanton C. (2004). Mining the microbiota of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract for conjugated linoleic acid-producing bifidobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 70(8): 4635–4641. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.8.4635-4641.2004; PMid:15294796 PMCid:PMC492392
217. Rouge C, Piloquet H, Butel MJ, Berger B, Rochat F. (2009). Oral supplementation with probiotics in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 89: 1828–1835. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26919; PMid:19369375
218. Rouge C, Goldenberg O, Ferraris L, Berger B, Rochat F. (2010). Investigation of the intestinal microbiota in preterm infants using different methods. Anaerobe. 16: 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.06.002; PMid:20541022
219. Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Chen SY, Kalanetra K, Lemay DG, Rose DR, et al. (2019) Pilot study of probiotic-colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PLoS ONE. 14(1): e0210064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210064; PMid:30625189 PMCid:PMC6326569
220. Satokari R, Gronroos T, Laitinen K, Salminen S, Isolauri E. (2009). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta. Lett Appl Microbiol. 48: 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02475.x; PMid:19018955
221. Saran S, Gopalan S, Krishna TP. (2002). Use of fermented foods to combat stunting and failure to thrive. Nutrition. 18: 393–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00790-0
222. Saulnier DMA, Spinler JK, Gibson GR, Versalovic J. (2009). Mechanisms of probiosis and prebiosis: considerations for enhanced functional foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 20(2): 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2009.01.002; PMid:19243931 PMCid:PMC2713183
223. Savidge TC. (2016). Epigenetic regulation of enteric neurotransmission by gut bacteria. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 9:503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00503; PMid:26778967 PMCid:PMC4705220.
224. Savino F, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero R. (2007). Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics. 119(1): 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1222; PMid:17200238
225. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dhingra P, Dutta A, Verma P, Menon VP, Black RE. (2010). Prebiotic and probiotic fortified milk in prevention of morbidities among children: community-based, randomized, double/blind, controlled trial. PLoS One: 5(8): e12164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012164; PMid:20730056 PMCid:PMC2921405
226. Schirmer M, Franzosa EA, Lloyd/Price J, McIver LJ, Schwager R, Poon TW. (2018). Dynamics of metatranscription in the inflammatory bowel disease gut microbiome. Nat. Microbiol. 3: 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-017-0089-z; PMid:29311644 PMCid:PMC6131705.
227. Schnorr SL, Sankaranarayanan K, Lewis CMJr, Warinner C. (2016). Insights into human evolution from ancient and contemporary microbiome studies. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 41: 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.003; PMid:27507098 PMCid:PMC5534492
228. Schwiertz A, Gruhl B, Lobnitz M, Michel P, Radke M, Blaut M. (2003). Development of the intestinal bacterial composition in hospitalized preterm infants in comparison with breast-fed, full-term infants. Pediatr Res. 54(3): 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000078274.74607.7A; PMid:12788986
229. Sela DA, Mills DA. (2010). Nursing our microbiota: molecular linkages between bifidobacteria and milk oligosaccharides. Trends Microbiol. 18(7): 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2010.03.008; PMid:20409714 PMCid:PMC2902656
230. Shaw S, Blanchard J, Bernstein C. (2010). Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease Am J Gastroenterol. 105: 2687–2692. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.398; PMid:20940708
231. Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkanen N, Salo E, Vesikari T. (1997). Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 16: 1103 –1107. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002; PMid:9427453
232. Shreiner A, Huffnagle GB, Noverr MC. (2008). The Microflora Hypothesis of allergic disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 635: 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_10; PMid:18841708
233. Siggers RH, Siggers J, Thymann T, Boye M, Sangild PT. (2011). Nutritional modulation of the gut microbiota and immune system in preterm neonates. J Nutr Biochem. 22: 511–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.08.002; PMid:21193301
234. Smilowitz JT, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA, German JB, Freeman SL. (2014). Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annu Rev Nutr. 34: 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721; PMid:24850388 PMCid:PMC4348064
235. Sommer F, Backhed F. (2013). The gut microbiota — masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 11(4): 227—238. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2974; PMid:23435359
236. Stinson LF, Boyce MC, Payne MS, Keelan JA. (2019). The Not-so-Sterile Womb: Evidence That the Human Fetus Is Exposed to Bacteria Prior to Birth. Front Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01124; PMid:31231319 PMCid:PMC6558212.
237. Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. (2005). Use of probiotics in children with acute diarrhea. Pediatr Drugs. 7(2): 111–122. https://doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200507020-00004; PMid:15871631
238. Szajewska H, Skorka A, Ruszczynski M, Gieruszczak-Bialek D. (2013). Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children — updated analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 38(5): 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12403; PMid:23841880
239. Tazi/Makhasassi L. (1985). Apport d'une argile naturelle, la Smectite, un complement de la rehydratation orale dans le traitement de l'diarrhee aiguede l'enfant. 16 eme Congres de l'Union des Societes de Pediatrie du Moyen-Orient et de la mediterranee Marakech 21–23 nov. 1985.
240. Taylor AL. (2007). Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 119(1): 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.08.036; PMid:17208600
241. Thormar H, Hilmarsson H. (2007). The role of microbicidal lipids in host defense against pathogens and their potential as therapeutic agents. Chem Phys Lipids. 150: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.220; PMid:17686469
242. Timmerman HM, Koning G, Mulder L, et al. (2004). Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics-A comparison of functionality and efficacy. Int J Food Microbiol. 96 (3): 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012; PMid:15454313
243. Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, et al. (2007). Meta/analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 25: 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03179.x; PMid:17229240
244. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The human microbiome project. Nature. 449(7164): 804–810. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06244; PMid:17943116 PMCid:PMC3709439
245. Valles-Colomer M, Falony G, Darzi Y, Tigchelaar EF, Wang J, Tito RY, et al. (2019). The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression. Nat Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0337-x.
246. Van Baarlen P, Troost FJ, van Hemert S, van der Meer C, de Vos WM, de Groot PJ, Hooiveld GJEJ, Brummer RM, Kleerebezem M. (2009). Differential NF-κB pathways induction by Lactobacillus plantarumin the duodenum of healthy humans correlating with immune tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106: 2371–2376. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809919106; PMid:19190178 PMCid:PMC2650163
247. Velilla PA, Rugeles MT, Chougnet CA. (2006). Defective antigen-presenting cell function in human neonates. Clin Immunol. 121(3): 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.010; PMid:17010668 PMCid:PMC1764492
248. Vendt N, Grunberg H, Tuure T, Malminiemi O, Wuolijoki E, Tillmann V, Sepp E, Korpela R. (2006). Growth during the first 6 months of life in infants using formula enriched with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: double-blind, randomized trial. J Hum Nutr Diet. 19: 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2006.00660.x; PMid:16448475
249. Verhasselt V. (2010). Oral tolerance in neonates: from basics to potential prevention of allergic disease. Mucosal Immunol. 3(4). 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2010.25
250. Villena J, Salva S, Nunez M, Corzo J, Tolaba R, Faedda J, et al. (2012). Probiotics for everyone! The novel immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 and the beginning of Social Probiotic Programs in Argentina. Int J Biotechnol Wellness Ind. 1: 189–198.
251. Vitetta L, Briskey D, Alford H, Hall S, Coulson S. (2014). Probiotics, prebiotics and the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Inflammopharmacology. 22(3): 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-014-0201-4; PMid:24633989
252. Vitetta L, Coulson S, Thomsen M, Nguyen T, Hall S. (2017). Probiotics, D-Lactic acidosis, oxidative stress and strain specificity. Gut Microbes. 8: 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2017.1279379; PMid:28080206 PMCid:PMC5570418.
253. Voreades N, Kozil A, Weir TL. (2014). Diet and the development of the human intestinal microbiome. Front Microbiol. 5: 494. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00494; PMid:25295033 PMCid:PMC4170138
254. Wandro S, Osborne S, Enriquez C, Bixby C, Arrieta A, Whiteson K. (2018). The microbiome and metabolome of preterm infant stool are personalized and not driven by health outcomes, including necrotizing enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis. mSphere. 3: e104/18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00104-18; PMid:29875143 PMCid:PMC5990886.
255. Wang Y, Hoenig JD, Malin KJ, Qamar S, Petrof EO. (2009). 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of fecal microbiota from preterm infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis. ISME J. 3: 944–954. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.37; PMid:19369970 PMCid:PMC2713796
256. Wang S, Harvey L, Martin R, et al. (2018). Targeting the gut microbiota to influence brain development and function in early life. Neurosci Biobehav Res. 95:191/201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.002; PMid:30195933.
257. Wei B, Wingender G, Fujiwara D, Chen DY, McPherson M, Brewer S, Borneman J, Kronenberg M, Braun J. (2010). Commensal microbiota and CD8+ T cells shape the formation of invariant NKT cells. J Immunol. 184(3): 1218–1226. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902620; PMid:20048124 PMCid:PMC3458428
258. Weiss GA, Hennet T. (2017). Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 74: 2959–2977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2509-x; PMid:28352996.
259. Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A. (2005). Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics.115(1): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1815; PMid:15629974
260. West CE, Hammarstrom ML, Hernell O. (2009). Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol.: 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00745.x; PMid:19298231
261. Westerbeek EAM, van den Berg A, Lafeber HN, Knol J, Fetter WPF, van Elburg RM. (2006). The intestinal bacterial colonisation in preterm infants: A review of the literature. Clinical Nutrition. 25(3): 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2006.03.002; PMid:16677741
262. Whiteman H. (2014). Placenta 'not a sterile environment', study suggests. Medical News Today. http://www.bodyecology.com/…/what-pregnant-women-ne.
263. Wickens KL, Crane J, Kemp TJ, Lewis SJ, D'Souza WJ, Sawyer GM, Stone ML, Tohill SJ, Kennedy JC, Slater TM, et al. (1999). Family size, infections, and asthma prevalence in New Zealand children. Epidemiology. 10: 699–705. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199911000-00009; PMid:10535783
264. Wickens K, Ingham T, Epton M, Pattemore P, Town I, Fishwick D, Crane J. (2008). The association of early life exposure to antibiotics and the development of asthma, eczema and atopy in a birth cohort: Confounding or causality? Clin Exp Allergy. 38: 1318–1324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03024.x; PMid:18727794
265. Woo SI, Kim JY, Lee YJ, Kim NS, Hahn YS. (2010). Effect of Lactobacillus sakei supplementation in children with atopic eczema-dermatitis syndrome. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 104: 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.01.020; PMid:20408346
266. Woodgate P, Cooke L, Webster H. (2005). Medical therapy for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4: 43–82.
267. Wu KG, Li TH, Peng HJ. (2012). Lactobacillus salivarius plus fructo-oligosaccharide is superior to fructo-oligosaccharide alone for treating children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Br J Dermatol. 166: 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10596.x; PMid:21895621
268. Yan J, Herzog JW, Tsang K, Brennan CA, Bower MA, Garrett WS. (2016). Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113: E7554-E7563. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607235113; PMid:27821775 PMCid:PMC5127374.
269. Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L. (2015). Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 161; 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047; PMid:25860609 PMCid:PMC4393509.
270. Yamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. (2017). Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol.119: 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.05.013; PMid:28668240.
271. Yamashiro Y, Nagata S. (2010). Beneficial microbes for premature infants, and children with malignancy undergoing chemotherapy. Benef. Microbes. 1(4): 357–365. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2010.0035; PMid:21831775
272. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 486: 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11053; PMid:22699611 PMCid:PMC3376388
273. Yolken RH, Peterson JA, Vonderfecht SL, Fouts ET, Midthun K, Newburg DS. (1992). Human milk mucin inhibits rotavirus replication and prevents experimental gastroenteritis. J Clin Invest. 90: 1984–1991. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116078; PMid:1331178 PMCid:PMC443262
274. Zelaya H, Alvarez S, Kitazawa H, Villena J. (2016). Respiratory Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects on Inflammation-Coagulation Interaction during Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol. 7: 633. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00633; PMid:28066442 PMCid:PMC5179578.
275. Zeng MY, Cisalpino D, Varadarajan S, Hellman J, Warren HS, Cascalho M. (2016). Gut microbiota-induced immunoglobulin G controls systemic infection by symbiotic bacteria and pathogens. Immunity. 44: 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.006; PMid:26944199 PMCid:PMC4794373.
276. Zhang J, Ouyang H, Zhu HB, Zhu H, Lin X, Co E. (2006). Development of gastric slow waves and effects of feeding in pre-term and full-term infants. Neurogastroent Motil. 18: 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00756.x; PMid:16553583
277. Zhang Y, Brady A, Jones C, Song Y, Darton TC, Jones C, et al. (2018). Compositional and functional differences in the human gut microbiome correlate with clinical outcome following infection with wild-type Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. mBio. 9: e686/18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00686-18; PMid:29739901 PMCid:PMC5941076.
278. Zhu CS, Grandhi R, Patterson TT, Nicholson SE. (2018). A Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut Microbiome: Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Injury and Promising Targets for Neuroprotection. Brain Sci. 8: 113. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8060113; PMid:29921825 PMCid:PMC6025245.
279. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. (2018). The influence of the intestinal microbiome on vaccine responses. Vaccine. 36: 4433-4439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.066; PMid:29909134.
280. Zivkovic AM, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. (2011). Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. PNAS. 108(1): 4653–4658. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000083107; PMid:20679197 PMCid:PMC3063602
281. Zmora N, Zilberman-Schapira G, Suez J, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, Bashiardes S, et al. (2018). Personalized gut mucosal colonization resistance to empiric probiotics is associated with unique host and microbiome features. Cell. 174: 1388-1405.e22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.041; PMid:30193112.
282. Zoppi G, Cinquetti M, Benini A, Bonamini E, Minelli E. (2001). Modulation of the intestinal ecosystem by probiotics and lactulose in children during treatment with ceftriaxone. Curr. Therap. Res. 62: 418–435. Article received: Apr 04, 2019. Accepted for publication: Aug 20, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-393X(01)89006-8