Modern Pediatrics. Ukraine. (2022). 8(128): 45-67. doi 10.15574/SP.2022.128.45
 Швейкина В. Б.^1,3, Мартынюк В. Ю.^2
1ГУ «Институт педиатрии, акушерства и гинекологии имени академика Е.М. Лукьяновой НАМН Украины», г. Киев
²ГУ «Украинский медицинский центр реабилитации детей с органическим поражением нервной системы МЗ Украины», г. Киев
³Национальная детская специализированная больница «ОХМАТДЕТ», г. Киев, Украина

Для цитирования: Shveikinа VB, Martyniuk VYu. (2022). To the issue of diagnosis of neuropsychological development of newborns and young children. Modern Pediatrics. Ukraine. 8(128): 45—67. doi 10.15574/SP.2022.128.45.
Статья поступила в редакцию 07.10.2022 г., принята в печать 20.12.2022 г.

Освещена актуальная проблема неонатологии и детской неврологии — особенности ранней диагностики нейропсихического развития новорожденных и детей раннего возраста.
Проанализирована научная литература о морфофункциональных особенностях развития головного мозга, при этом основное внимание обращено на первые два года жизни ребенка. Подчеркнуто, что пик активности развития мозга приходится на вторую половину беременности и первые три месяца постнатальной жизни.
Описаны новые данные развития головного мозга, а именно, наличие переходной структуры — кортикальной субпластины. Показано, что развитие двигательной и поведенческой сферы новорожденного и ребенка грудного возраста в большей степени опосредованы сосуществованием двух отдельных, но взаимосвязанных мозговых структур — переходной структуры, а именно субпластины, и формирования в этот период кортикальной пластины.
Указано, что для диагностики нарушений нейроразвития важны два возрастных периода: первый — около трех месяцев после рождения, когда элиминирует кортикальная субпластина в первичной двигательной, соматосенсорной и зрительной коре; второй — конец первого года, когда элиминирует кортикальная субпластина в префронтальной и теменно-височной областях.
Определено, что клинические проявления, связанные с исчезновением субпластины в первичной сенсорной и двигательной областях через три месяца после родов, совпадают с большим переходом в двигательном поведении, а именно, спонтанно генерируемые общие движения сменяются целенаправленными движениями, формируется адаптивное поведение на изменение факторов окружающей среды.
Отражены некоторые клинико-диагностические особенности при выявлении ранних нарушений нейропсихического развития с учетом этапов созревания головного мозга (миелинизация, синаптогенез).
Рассмотрены некоторые из наиболее распространенных диагностических шкал, тестов. Показаны наиболее значимые моторные шкалы в грудном возрасте, используемые для прогнозирования результата. Выделены некоторые стандартизированные неврологические оценки. Определено понятие программы раннего вмешательства у новорожденных с высоким риском развития детского церебрального паралича и когнитивных нарушений.
Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Ключевые слова: новорожденный, мозг, ранняя диагностика, шкалы, двигательные нарушения, ДЦП.
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