• Инвазивный мукормикоз: проблемы диагностики и лечения
ru К содержанию Полный текст статьи

Инвазивный мукормикоз: проблемы диагностики и лечения

SOVREMENNAYA PEDIATRIYA.2018.8(96):70-86; doi 10.15574/SP.2018.96.70

Дорош О. И., Химьяк Л. С., Кушарська А. В., Васылив И. Л., Мелько И. П., Мых А. Н.
КНП ЛОС «Западноукраинский специализированный детский медицинский центр», г. Львов, Украина
Медицинский центр «ОМЕГА», г. Киев, Украина
Центр медицинских инноваций NOVO, г. Львов, Украина
Медицинский центр Святой Параскевы, г. Львов, Украина

Приведен клинический случай инвазивного мукормикоза у 7-летнего пациента с приобретенной тяжелой апластической анемией, резистентной к иммуносупрессивной терапии, подтвержденый результатами микробиологических исследований, с поражением паренхимы обеих легких, селезенки и перфоративными дефектами диафрагмы. Показаны клинические, микробиологические и радиологические особенности течения инфекции. Также описаны другие инфекционные осложнения, с многообразным спектром возбудителей и локализации, которые наблюдались у пациента в течение 4-месячного применения иммуносупрессивной терапии. Подан краткий обзор литературы.

Ключевые слова: дети, приобретенная тяжелая апластическая анемия, иммуносупрессивная терапия, инвазивный мукормикоз, осложнения.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1. Abzug MJ, Walsh TJ. (2004). Interferon-γ and colony-stimulating factors as adjuvant therapy for refractory fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 23:769–773. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000134314.65398.bf; PMid:15295229

2. Al-Jabri S, Al-Abri M, Al-Hinai A, Al-Azri F. (2013). Bilateral Ocular Ischaemic Syndrome-Rare Complication of Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis in an Omani Patient: Case report and literature review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 13(1): 137–142. https://doi.org/10.12816/0003208; PMid:23573395 PMCid:PMC3616780

3. Almyroudis NG, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG, Kusne S. (2007). In vitro susceptibilities of 217 clinical isolates of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51(7): 2587–2590. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00452-07; PMid:17452481 PMCid:PMC1913247

4. Anand VK, Alemar G, Griswold JA Jr. (1992). Intracranial complications of mucormycosis: An experimental model and clinical review. Laryngoscope. 102: 656–662. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199206000-00011; PMid:1602914

5. Aras MH, Kara MI, Erkilic S, Ay S. (2012). Mandibular mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 70: 1362–1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.05.012; PMid:21820787

6. Bitar D, Van Cauteren D, Lanternier F, Dannaoui E, Che D, Dromer F. (2009). Increasing incidence of zygomycosis (mucormycosis), France, 1997–2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 15: 1395—1401. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1509.090334; PMid:19788806 PMCid:PMC2819884

7. Boelaert R, de Locht M, Van Cutsem J, Kerrels V, Cantinieaux B, Verdonck A. (1993). Mucormycosis during deferoxamine therapy is a siderophore-mediated infection. In vitro and in vivo animal studies. J Clin Investig. 91(5):1979—1986. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116419; PMid:8486769 PMCid:PMC288195

8. Bonifaz A, Tirado-Sanchez A, Calderon L, Romero-Cabello R, Kassack J, Ponce RM, Mena C, Stchigel A, Cano J, Guarro J. (2014). Mucormycosis in children: a study of 22 cases in a Mexican hospital. Mycoses. 57(3): 79—84. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12233; PMid:25175081

9. Chamilos G, Luna M, Lewis RE, Bodey GP, Chemaly R, Tarrand JJ et al. (2006). Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989—2003). Haematologica. 91(7): 986—989. PMid:16757415

10. Chayakulkeeree M, Ghannoum MA, Perfect JR. (2006). Zygomycosis: The re-emerging fungal infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 25: 215—229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-006-0107-1; PMid:16568297

11. Chow V, Khan S, Balogun A, Mitchell D, Muhlschlegel FA. (2014). Invasive rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in a diabetic patient — the need for prompttreatment. Med Mycol Case Rep. 8: 5—9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.12.002; PMid:25750854 PMCid:PMC4348455

12. Cofre F, Villarroel M, Castellon L, Santolaya ME. (2015). Successful treatment of a persistent rhino-cerebral mucormycosis in a pediatric patient with a debut of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Rev Chilena Infectol. 32(4): 458—463. PMid:26436794

13. Cornely OA, Arikan-Akdagli S, Dannaoui E, Groll AH, Lagrou K, Chakrabarti A, Lanternier F, Pagano L, Skiada A et al. (2014). ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis 2013. Clin Microbiol Infect. 20(3): 5—26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12371; PMid:24479848

14. Dai Y, Walker JW, Halloush RA, Khasawneh FA. (2013). Mucormycosis in two community hospitals and the role of infectious disease consultation: a case series. Int J Gen Med. 6: 833—838. PMid:24204169 PMCid:PMC3817020

15. Dannaoui E, Mouton JW, Meis JF, Verweij PE. (2002). Efficacy of antifungal therapy in a non-neutropenic murine model of zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46(6): 1953—1959. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1953-1959.2002; PMid:12019114 PMCid:PMC127262

16. Enani MA, Alharthi BN, Dewanjee N, Bhat NA, Fagih M. (2014). Spontaneous Gastric Ulcer Perforation and Acute Spleen Infarction Caused by Invasive Gastric and Splenic Mucormycosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 6(3): 122—124. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.138509; PMid:25191054 PMCid:PMC4147422

17. Garg R, Gupta VV, Ashok L. (2011). Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis: A palatal ulcer. Contemp Clin Dent. 2(2): 119—123. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.83080; PMid:21957389 PMCid:PMC3180839

18. Geramizadeh B, Kazemi K, Shamsaifar AR, Bahraini A, Nikeghbalian S, Malekhosseini SA. (2012). Isolated renal mucormycosis after liver transplantation:an unusual case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 14(7): 447—450. PMid:22997562 PMCid:PMC3438439

19. Greenberg RN, Mullane K, van Burik JA, Raad I, Abzug MJ, Anstead G et al. (2006). Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 50(1): 126—133. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.50.1.126-133.2006; PMid:16377677 PMCid:PMC1346806

20. Gutierrez-Delgado EM, Trevino-Gonzalez JL, Montemayor-Alatorre A, Cecenas-Falcon LA, Ruiz-Holguin E, Andrade-Vazquez CJ, Lara-Medrano R, Ramos-Jimenez J. (2016). Chronic rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 6: 87—91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2016.02.003; PMid:26981237 PMCid:PMC4776268

21. Huang JS, Kok SH, Lee JJ, Hsu WY, Chiang CP, Kuo YS. (2005). Extensive maxillary sequestration resulting from mucormycosis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 43: 532—534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.05.012; PMid:16024140

22. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP et al. (2002). guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 34: 730—751. https://doi.org/10.1086/339215; PMid:11850858

23. Inglesfield S, Jasiulewicz A, Hopwood M, Tyrrell J, Youlden G, Mazon-Moya M, Millington OR, Mostowy S, Jabbari S, Voelz K. (2018). Robust phagocyte recruitment controls the opportunistic fungal pathogen mucor circinelloides in innate granulomas in vivo. MBio. 9(2): e02010—17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02010-17; PMid:29588406 PMCid:PMC5874920

24. John BV, Chamilos G, Kontoyiannis DP. (2005). Hyperbaric oxygenas an adjunctive treatment for zygomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 11: 515—517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01170.x; PMid:15966968

25. Kalaskar RR, Kalaskar AR, Ganvir S. (2016). Oral mucormycosis in an 18-month-old child: a rare case report with a literature review. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 42(2): 105—110. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2016.42.2.105; PMid:27162751 PMCid:PMC4860375

26. Kalogerakos PD, Kiparakis M, Pavlaki K, Pontikoglou C, Lazopoulos G, Chalkiadakis G. (2018). Thoracoabdominal resection of mucormycosis lesions in a leukemic patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 106(5): e239—e241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.04.066; PMid:29807006

27. Kaneko Y, Oinuma KI, Terachi T, Arimura Y, Niki M, Yamada K, Kakeya H, Mizutani T. (2018). Successful treatment of intestinal mycosis caused by a simultaneous infection with lichtheimia ramosa and aspergillus calidoustus. Intern Med. 57(16): 2421—2424. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.0254-17; PMid:29526942 PMCid:PMC6148160

28. Keklik M, Yildirim A, Ozturk F, Ileri I, Akyol G, Cetin M, Eser B. (2015). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Turk J Haematol. 32(1): 96—97. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjh.2014.0048; PMid:25805690 PMCid:PMC4439922

29. Kermani W, Bouttay R, Belcadhi M, Zaghouani H, Ben Ali M, Abdelkefi M. (2016). ENT mucormycosis. Report of 4 cases. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 133(2): 83—86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2015.08.027; PMid:26361005

30. Killick SB, Marsh JC. (2000). Aplastic anaemia: management. Blood Rev. 14: 157—171. https://doi.org/10.1054/blre.2000.0133; PMid:10986151

31. Kojima S, Nakao S, Young N, Bacigalupo A, Gerard G, Hirano N, MaciejewskiJ, Deeg J, Marsh J, Zhang FK, Lee JW, Ozawa K. (2011). The Third Consensus Conference on the treatment of aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol. 93(6): 832—837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-011-0873-0; PMid:21617886

32. Kolekar JS. (2015). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a retrospective study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 67(1): 93—96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-014-0804-5; PMid:25621242 PMCid:PMC4298568

33. Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ et al. (2010). Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001—2006: Overview of the Transplant-associated infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) database. Clin Infect Dis. 50(8): 1091—1100. https://doi.org/10.1086/651263; PMid:20218877

34. Kulkarni RV, Thakur SS. (2015). Invasive Gastric Mucormycosis — a Case Report. Indian J Surg. 77(1): 87—89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-014-1164-9; PMid:25972656 PMCid:PMC4425750

35. Lackner M, Caramalho R, Lass-Florl C. (2014). Laboratory diagnosis of mucormycosis: current status and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 9(5): 683—695. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.14.23; PMid:24957094

36. Lanternier F, Dannaoui E, Morizot G, Elie C, Garcia-Hermoso D, Huerre M, et al. (2012). A global analysis of mucormycosis in France: the RetroZygo study (2005—2007). Clin Infect Dis. 54(1): 35—43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir880; PMid:22247443

37. Lass-Florl C, Resch G, Nachbaur D, Mayr A, Gastl G, Auberger J et al. (2007). The value of computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 45(7): e101—104. https://doi.org/10.1086/521245; PMid:17806041

38. Lass-Florl C. (2009). Zygomycosis: conventional laboratory diagnosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 15(5): 60—65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02999.x; PMid:19754760

39. Lee JW, Yoon SS, Shen ZX, Ganser A, Hsu HC, Habr D et al. (2010, Oct. 7). Iron chelation therapy with deferasirox in patients with aplastic anemia: a subgroup analysis of 116 patients from the EPIC trial. Blood. 116(14): 2448—54. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-01-261289; PMid:20566896

40. Lehrer RI, Howard DH, Sypherd PS, Edwards JE, Segal GP, Winston DJ. (1980). Mucormycosis. Ann Intern Med. 93: 93—108. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-93-1-93

41. Leitner C, Hoffmann J, Zerfowski M, Reinert S. (2003). Mucormycosis: Necrotizing soft tissue lesion of the face. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 61: 1354—1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00740-7

42. Ljungman P. (2000). Supportive treatment of patient with severe aplastic anemia. In: Schrezenmeier H, Bacigalupo A, editors. Aplastic anemia: pathophysiology and treatment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 137.

43. Mahmud A, Lee R, Munfus_McCray D, Kwiatkowski N, Subramanian A, Neofytos D, Carroll K, Zhang SX. (2012). Actinomucor elegans as an emerging cause of Mucormycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 50(3): 1092—1095. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.05338-11; PMid:22205785 PMCid:PMC3295095

44. Mahomed S, Basanth S, Mlisana K. (2015). The successful use of amphotericin B followed by oral posaconazole in a rare case of invasive fungal sinusitis caused by co-infection with mucormycosis and aspergillus. IDCases. 2(4): 116—117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2015.10.001; PMid:26793475 PMCid:PMC4712212

45. Manjunatha BS, Das N, Sutariya RV, Ahmed T. (2012). Mucormycosis of the hard palate masquerading as carcinoma. Clin Pract. 2: e28. https://doi.org/10.4081/cp.2012.e28; PMid:24765427 PMCid:PMC3981330

46. Marty FM, Cosimi LA, Baden LR. (2004). Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N Engl J Med. 350(9): 950—952. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200402263500923; PMid:14985500

47. Merkler AE, Duggal I, Kaunzner U, Maciel CB, Miller AM, Scognamiglio T, Dinkin MJ. (2016). Rapidly progressive bilateral optic nerve and retinal infarctions due to rhinocerebral mucormycosis and pseudoephedrine use. Neurol Clin Pract. 6(6): 549—552. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000253; PMid:29849194 PMCid:PMC5964817

48. Miller A, Brooks LK, Poola-Kella S, Malek R. (2018). PosaconazoleInduced Adrenal Insufficiency in a Case of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Case Reports in Endocrinology. 2018. Article ID 2170484: 5.

49. Mohammadi R, Nazeri M, Sayedayn SM, Ehteram H. (2014). A successful treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to Rhizopus oryzae. J Res Med Sci. 19(1): 72—74. PMid:24672569 PMCid:PMC3963327

50. Mulki R, Masab M, Eiger G, Perloff S. (2016). Lethargy and vision loss: successful management of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-215855

51. Nilesh K, Vande AV. (2018). Mucormycosis of maxilla following tooth extraction in immunocompetent patients: Reports and review. J Clin Exp Dent. 10(3): e300—e305. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.53655

52. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, Offidani M, Franchi L, Martino B et al. (2006). The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica. 91(8): 1068—1075. PMid:16885047

53. Pagano L, Girmenia C, Mele L, Ricci P, Tosti ME, Nosari A, Buelli M, Picardi M, Allione B, Corvatta L, D'Antonio D, Montillo M, Melillo L, Chierichini A, Cenacchi A, Tonso A, Cudillo L, Candoni A, Savignano C, Bonini A, Martino P, Del Favero A; GIMEMA Infection Program; Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto. (2001). Infections caused by filamentous fungi in patients with hematologic malignancies. A report of 391 cases by GIMEMA Infection Program. Haematologica. 86(8): 862—870. PMid:11522544

54. Palejwala SK, Zangeneh TT, Goldstein SA, Lemole GM. (2016). An aggressive multidisciplinary approach reduces mortality in rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Surg Neurol Int. 7: 61. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.182964; PMid:27280057 PMCid:PMC4882964

55. Paltauf A. (1885). Mycosis mucorina. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat. 102: 543—564. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01932420

56. Pana ZD, Seidel D, Skiada A, Groll AH, Petrikkos G, Cornely OA, Roilides E; Collaborators of Zygomyco.net and/or FungiScope™ Registries*. (2016). Invasive mucormycosis in children: an epidemiologic study in European and non-European countries based on two registries. BMC Infect Dis. 16(1): 667. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-2005-1; PMid:27832748 PMCid:PMC5105268

57. Patel A, Bishburg E, Nagarakanti S. (2014). Mucormycosis in an HIV-infected renal transplant patient: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Case Rep. 15: 74—78. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.890026; PMid:24587853 PMCid:PMC3936948

58. Pawelec K, Salamonowicz M, Panasiuk A, Matysiak M, Demkow U. (2013). Respiratory and systemic infections in children with severe aplastic anemia on immunosuppressive therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 788: 417—425. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6627-3_57; PMid:23836007

59. Pawelec K, Salamonowicz M, Plichta P, Matysiak M. (2010). Powiklania leczenia immunoablacyjnego u pacjentki z anemia aplastyczna. Nowa Pediatria. 14(4): 140—144.

60. Pedemonte-Sarrias G, Gras-Cabrerizo JR, Rodriguez-Alvarez F, Montserrat-Gili JR. (2015). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in a 5-month heart transplant recipient. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 19(3): 375—378. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.174635; PMid:26980968 PMCid:PMC4774293

61. Petrikkos G, Skiada A, Lortholary O, Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Kontoyiannis DP. (2012). Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 54(1): S23—S34. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir866; PMid:22247442

62. Prabhu RM, Patel R. (2004). Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 10(1): 31—47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9465.2004.00843.x; PMid:14748801

63. Quarello P, Saracco P, Giacchino M, Caselli D, Caviglia I, Longoni D, Varotto S, Rana I, Amendola A, Misuraca A, Licciardello M, Paolucci P, Ladogana S, Rivetti E, Dufour C, Castagnola E. (2012). Epidemiology of infections in children with acquired aplastic anaemia: a retrospective multicenter study in Italy. Eur J Haematol. 88(6): 526—534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01770.x; PMid:22381133

64. Rahman A, Akter K, Hossain S, Rashid HU. (2013). Rhino-orbital mucourmycosis in a non-immunocompromised patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2013(1): 1—4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-007863

65. Rai S, Misra D, Misra A, Jain A, Jain P, Dhawan A. (2018). Palatal Mucormycosis Masquerading as Bacterial and Fungal Osteomyelitis: A Rare Case Report. Contemp Clin Dent. 9(2): 309—313. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_743_17; PMid:29875579 PMCid:PMC5968701

66. Reed C, Ibrahim A, Edwards JE Jr. (2006). Deferasirox, an iron-chelating agent, as salvage therapy for rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 50(11): 3968—3969. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01065-06; PMid:17000743 PMCid:PMC1635215

67. Restrepo A, Salazar ME, Cano LE, Stover EP, Feldman D, Stevens DA. (1984). Estrogens inhibit mycelium-to-yeast transformation in the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: implications for resistance of females to paracoccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun. 46(2): 346—353. PMid:6500694 PMCid:PMC261537

68. Riley TT, Muzny CA, Swiatlo E, Legendre DP. (2016). Breaking the Mold: A Review of Mucormycosis and Current Pharmacological Treatment Options. Ann Pharmacother. 50(9): 747—457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028016655425; PMid:27307416

69. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL et al. (2005). Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: A review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 41: 634—653. https://doi.org/10.1086/432579; PMid:16080086

70. Roilides E, Farmaki E. (2001). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in antifungal therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 7: 62—67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2001.tb00011.x; PMid:11525220

71. Saegeman V, Maertens J, Meersseman W, Spriet I, Verbeken E, Lagrou K. (2010). Increasing incidence of mucormycosis in University Hospital, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis. 16(9): 1456—1458. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1609.100276; PMid:20735932 PMCid:PMC3294978

72. Sahota R, Gambhir R, Anand S, Dixit A. (2017). Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis: Report of a Rare Case. Ethiop J Health Sci. 27(1): 85—90. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i1.11; PMid:28458494 PMCid:PMC5390232

73. Sanchez Velazquez P, Pera M, Gimeno J, Zapatero A, Nolla J, Pera M. (2017). Mucormycosis: an unusual cause of gastric perforation and severe bleeding in immunocompetent patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 109(3): 223—225. PMid:27088595

74. Sasannejad P, Ghabeli-Juibary A, Aminzadeh S, Olfati N. (2015). Cerebellar infarction and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: An unusual presentation and rare complications of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Iran J Neurol. 14(4): 222—224. PMid:26885342 PMCid:PMC4754602

75. Sayan M, Arpag H, Tokur M, Bahar AY. (2018). Pulmonary mucormycosis mimicking an endobronchial mass. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 26(3): 242—244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0218492318760711; PMid:29448830

76. Seidel D, Duran Graeff LA, Vehreschild MJGT, Wisplinghoff H, Ziegler M, Vehreschild JJ, Liss B, Hamprecht A, Kohler P, Racil Z, Klimko N, Sheppard DC, Herbrecht R, Chowdhary A, Cornely OA, FungiScope Group. FungiScope™. (2017). Global Emerging Fungal Infection Registry. Mycoses. 60(8): 508—516. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12631; PMid:28730644

77. Seiff SR, Choo PH, Carter SR. (1999). Role of local amphotericin B therapy for sino-orbital fungal infections. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 15:28—31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199901000-00007; PMid:9949426

78. Sellami M, Mnejja M. (2017). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a rare infection. Pan Afr Med J. 26: 143. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.26.143.12047; PMid:28533866 PMCid:PMC5429465

79. Shah RJ, Katyayan MK, Katyayan PA, Chauhan V. (2014). Prosthetic rehabilitation of acquired maxillary defects secondary to mucormycosis: clinical cases. J Contemp Dent Pract. 15: 242—249. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1522; PMid:25095851

80. Sharma SK, Balasubramanian P, Radotra B, Singhal M. (2018). Isolated splenic mucormycosis in a case of aplastic anaemia; BMJ Case Rep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2017-223243

81. Shi GG, Shi L, Zhang ZY, Wan YZ, Li B, Yu L, Zhang EP, Ju HS, He MQ, Ji HZ. (2016). Clinical analyses of the diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: report of 14 cases. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 51(8): 561—567. PMid:27625123

82. Shukla A, Shrivastava N, Singh CA, Nayak B. (2016). Percutaneous Management of Systemic Fungal Infection Presenting As Bilateral Renal Fungal Ball. J Endourol Case Rep. 2(1): 152—154. https://doi.org/10.1089/cren.2016.0085; PMid:27704055 PMCid:PMC5035836

83. Singh N, Gayowski T, Singh J, Yu VL. (1995). Invasive gastrointestinal zygomycosis in a liver transplant recipient: Case report and review of zygomycosis in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 20: 617—620. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.3.617; PMid:7756485

84. Skiada A, Lanternier F, Groll AH, Pagano L, Zimmerli S, Herbrecht R, Lortholary O, Petrikkos GL; European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3). Haematologica. 98(4): 492—504. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.065110; PMid:22983580 PMCid:PMC3659979

85. Skiada A, Lass-Floerl C, Klimko N, Ibrahim A, Roilides E, Petrikkos G. (2018). Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of mucor mycosis. Med Mycol. 56(11): 93—101. https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx101; PMid:29538730

86. Song Y, Qiao J, Giovanni G, Liu G, Yang H, Wu J, Chen J. (2017). Mucormycosis in renal transplant recipients: review of 174 reported cases. BMC Infect Dis. 17(1): 283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2381-1; PMid:28420334 PMCid:PMC5395857

87. Sravani T, Uppin SG, Uppin MS, Sundaram C. (2014). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Pathology revisited with emphasis on perineural spread. Neurol India. 62(4): 383—386. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.141252; PMid:25237943

88. Stein MK, Karri S, Reynolds J, Owsley J, Wise A, Martin MG, Zare F. (2018). Cutaneous Mucormycosis Following a Bullous Pemphigoid Flare in a Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patient on Ibrutinib. World J Oncol. 9(2): 62—65. https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1099w; PMid:29760835 PMCid:PMC5942210

89. Tacke D, Koehler P, Markiefka B, Cornely OA. (2014). Our 2014 approach to mucormycosis. Mycoses. 57(9): 519—524. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12203; PMid:24829170

90. Termos S, Othman F, Alali M, Al Bader BMS, Alkhadher T, Hassanaiah WF, Taqi A, Sapkal A. (2018). Total Gastric Necrosis Due to Mucormycosis: A Rare Case of Gastric Perforation. Am J Case Rep. 19: 527—533. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.908952; PMid:29724988 PMCid:PMC5956728

91. Thomas S, Singh VD, Vaithilingam Y, Thayil SC, Kothari R. (2012). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis — a case report. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 16(2): 233—236. . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-011-0292-7; PMid:21952910

92. Tichelli A, Schrezenmeier H, Socie G, Marsh J, Bacigalupo A, Daehrsen U et al. (2009). Use of G-CSF in patients with severe aplastic anemia treatment with ATG and cyclosporine increases neutrophils and decreases infection rates and hospital days but dose not improve long-term outcome: Results of a prospective randomizes clinical trial of the EBMT. Blood. 114: 205a.

93. Tissot F, Agrawal S, Pagano L et al. (2017). ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Haematologica. 102(3): 433—444. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.152900; PMid:28011902 PMCid:PMC5394968

94. Torres HA, Bodey GP, Rolston KV, Kantarjian HM, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. (2003). Infections in patients with aplastic anemia. Cancer. 98: 86—93. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11478; PMid:12833460

95. Torres HA, Bodey GP, Rolston KV, Kantarjian HM, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. (2003). Infections in patients with aplastic anemia: experience at a tertiary care cancer center. Cancer. 98(1): 86—93. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11478; PMid:12833460

96. Trifilio S, Singhal S, Williams S, Frankfurt O, Gordon L, Evens A et al. (2007). Breakthrough fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients on prophylactic voriconazole. Bone Marrow Transplant. 40(5): 451—456. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705754; PMid:17589527

97. Van Burik JA, Hare RS, Solomon HF, Corrado ML, Kontoyiannis DP. (2006). Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 42(7): e61-e65. https://doi.org/10.1086/500212; PMid:16511748

98. Venkatesh D, Dandagi S, Chandrappa PR, Hema KN. (2018). Mucormycosis in immunocompetent patient resulting in extensive maxillary sequestration. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 22(1): S112—S116. https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_163_17; PMid:29491619 PMCid:PMC5824503

99. Verma A, Singh V, Jindal N, Yadav S. (2013). Necrosis of maxilla, nasal, and frontal bone secondary to extensive rhino-cerebral mucormycosis. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 4: 249—251. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-5950.127663; PMid:24665188 PMCid:PMC3961907

100.Wang Y, Zhu M, Bao Y, Li L, Zhu L, Li F, Xu J, Liang J. (2018). Cutaneous mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus microsporus in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(25): e11141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011141; PMid:29924015 PMCid:PMC6024029

101.Yamin HS, Alastal AY, Bakri I. (2017). Pulmonary Mucormycosis Over 130 Years: A Case Report and Literature Review. Turk Thorac J. 18(1): 1—5. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkThoracJ.2017.16033; PMid:29404149 PMCid:PMC5783164

102.Yohai RA, Bullock JD, Aziz AA et al. (1994). Survival factors in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 39: 3—22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(05)80041-4

103.Zaoutis TE, Roilides E, Chiou CC, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA et al. (2007). Zygomycosis in children: a systematic review and analysis of reported cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 26(8): 723—727. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318062115c; PMid:17848885

104.Zeka AN, Tasbakan M, Pullukcu H, Sipahi OR, Yamazhan T, Arda B. (2013). Evaluation of zygomycosis cases by pooled analysis method reported from Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul. 47(4): 708—716. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.5836; PMid:24237440

Статья поступила в редакцию 15.09.2018, принята к печати 04.12.2018.